ارزیابی چالش‌های بهره‌برداری از مخازن گازی غیرمتعارف از دیدگاه ژئومکانیکی

مراسلی, شکیب; هاشمی زاده, عباس; نوائی, فرهود

doi:10.22034/anm.2022.2857

ارزیابی چالش‌های بهره‌برداری از مخازن گازی غیرمتعارف از دیدگاه ژئومکانیکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

¹ دانشکده مهندسی نفت و پتروشیمی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران

² گروه مهندسی شیمی، دانشکده فنی مهندسی، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران

10.22034/anm.2022.2857

چکیده

باتوجه به گسترش صنعت نفت و گاز، نیاز روزافزون کشورهای صنعتی به سوخت‌های فسیلی و وابستگی اقتصادی برخی کشورها به این صنعت، بهره‌برداری از منابع هیدروکربنی روزبه‌روز در حال افزایش است. استخراج‌های بی‌رویه و ترس از کاهش این منابع، سمت‌وسوی صنعت را به‌ استفاده از منابع جایگزین یعنی مخازن غیرمتعارف گازی هدایت می‌کند امّا بهره‌برداری از این مخازن با چالش‌هایی ازنظر حفاری و تولید به‌واسطه تراوایی پایین روبه‌رو است. ژئومکانیک دانشی مشترک میان رشته‌های مهندسی مخزن و زمین‌شناسی است که تولید و تزریق پیوسته‌ی نفت و گاز، آن را به بخش مهمی از مطالعات مهندسی مخزن تبدیل می‌کند. ارزیابی ویژگی‌های ژئومکانیکی به‌منظور شناسایی چالش‌ها در مخازن غیرمتعارف هیدروکربنی و طراحی بهینه عملیات شکاف هیدرولیکی برای افزایش ضریب بازیابی از این مخازن، به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین انگیزه در راستای مطالعات در زمینة دانش ژئومکانیک است که در این مطالعه به آن پرداخته شده است. ازآنجاکه ژئومکانیک کلید عملیات شکاف هیدرولیکی برای دستیابی به تولید بهینه از مخازن گازی غیرمتعارف شمرده می‌شود، بررسی جنبه‌های ژئومکانیکی یکی از مهم‌ترین گام‌ها برای هموار ساختن راه بهره‌برداری از این مخازن تلقی می‌شود. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی جامع و نظام‌مند جنبه‌های ژئومکانیکی این مخازن مانند مخازن گاز شیل، ماسه‌‌ای متراکم گازی، هیدرات گازی و تزریقی ‌دی‌اکسید کربن پرداخته و چالش‌های حفاری و شکاف هیدرولیکی آن‌ها ازجمله مچاله شدن لوله جداری و آستری را از دیدگاه ژئومکانیکی موردبحث و بررسی قرار داده و همچنین مطالعات موردی در بررسی ژئومکانیکی میدان‌های گازی مارسلوس، لانگ مکسی، روزنیت، مورتری و مونتنی در کشورهای آمریکا، چین، استرالیا و کانادا موردتوجه قرارگرفته است که نتایج آن در تخمین پارامترهای استاتیک و دینامیک و نیز طراحی شکاف هیدرولیکی مخازن گازی شیلی حائز اهمیت است. نتایج مطالعات نشان می‌دهد که در این مخازن؛ برخلاف مخازن متعارف، دمای سیال حفاری نقش مهم‌تری را نسبت به چگالی آن در پایداری دیواره چاه ایفا می‌کند و منجر به تغییر در ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و کاهش استحکام آن می‌شود. همچنین می‌توان با استفاده از پیش‌بینی نسبت پواسون و تنش‌های اعمالی، ناحیه‌هایی با خطر مچالگی لوله‌جداری را شناسایی نمود و از سوی دیگر در طراحی فرآیند سیمان‌کاری، هر چه میزان گستره فضای خالی در غلاف سیمان کمتر باشد لوله آستری یکپارچگی خود را بهتر حفظ می‌کند. از سوی دیگر بررسی‌ها بیانگر این نکته هستند که نسبت پواسون و مدول یانگ تأثیر بسزایی بر شاخص شکنندگی شیل‌ها و به دنبال آن شاخص شکاف‌پذیری در راستای انتخاب مناسب‌ترین سازند برای عملیات شکاف هیدرولیکی دارند. مطابق بررسی‌های صورت گرفته سازندی با شاخص شکاف‌پذیری برابر با 1 مناسب‌ترین سازند برای این عملیات محسوب می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

20.1001.1.22516565.1402.13.34.7.0

موضوعات

مهندسی نفت

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessing the challenges of production from unconventional gas reservoirs from a geomechanical point of view

نویسندگان [English]

Shakib Moraseli ¹
Abbas Hashemizadeh ²
Farhood Navaie ¹

¹ Dept. of Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

² Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Qom University, Qom, Iran

چکیده [English]

Summary
The current research deals with the comprehensive and systematic investigation of the geomechanical aspects of unconventional reservoirs such as shale gas reservoirs, tight gas sandstone reservoirs, gas hydrate reservoirs and carbon dioxide injection reservoirs, and their drilling and hydraulic fracturing challenges, including the casing and liner collapse, have been discussed from the geomechanical point of view. In this article, case studies on the geomechanical investigation of the Marcellus, Long Maxi, Roseneath, Murteree and Montney gas fields in the countries of America, China, Australia, and Canada are also considered that which results are important in estimating static and dynamic parameters as well as designing the hydraulic fracturing in gas shale reservoirs.

Introduction
Considering the extent of unconventional gas reservoirs and the exigency of optimal production from these resources, the design of hydraulic fracturing operation according to the geomechanical aspects is the most important step in the exploitation of these resources. Oil and gas sources differ from each other in many aspects, such as the shape of source and reservoir rocks, mechanisms of formation, penetration, distribution and occurrence. Unconventional reservoirs are resources that cannot be exploited economically with conventional resource extraction methods.

Methodology and Approaches
Before drilling, the reservoir is in equilibrium, and no special stress causes the reservoir to collapse, but after the drilling operation, stresses are applied to the reservoir as induced stresses, which cause the loss of balance and instability in the wellbore. In this regard, the greater the distance from the center of the well, the stresses will decrease. Knowing the direction of minimum and maximum horizontal stresses helps engineers to predict the possibility of casing collapse.

Results and Conclusions
Due to the low permeability of the unconventional gas reservoirs to achieve optimal production from these sources, geomechanical parameters are of particular importance. To increase production from these sources, one of the most widely used operations worldwide is a hydraulic fracture. One of the important components in studying the propagation of hydraulic fissures is the difference in horizontal stresses. According to what has been obtained based on geomechanical studies in Roseneath and Murteree formations, for reservoir rocks with low horizontal stress such as sandstone reservoirs, the fracture pressure of the formation is much lower. However, the shale reservoir with more horizontal stress has more failure pressure and the fracture in these reservoirs has less expansion. On the other hand, studies in the Montney Formation indicate that Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus affect the characteristics of shales such as their fragility. In this regard, a formation with a lower Young's modulus is more difficult to fracture and is not considered a suitable option for hydraulic fracturing operations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Geomechanic
Unconventional gas reservoirs
Drilling fluid
Hydraulic fracturing
Casing collapse

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